Fraud
For fraud, mere non-payment of a debt or non-performance of a contract is not enough. Fraudulent conduct, deception of the victim, obtaining property, and the connection between these elements must be capable of proof through the evidence in the case.
Request a consultationFraud
For fraud, mere non-payment of a debt or non-performance of a contract is not enough. Fraudulent conduct, deception of the victim, obtaining property, and the connection between these elements must be capable of proof through the evidence in the case.
Important aspects of this matter
Point 1
How trust was gained or deception occurred, and the alleged fraudulent means or acts
Point 2
Payment or transfer of property and its relationship to the behavior of accused person
Point 3
Relevant contracts, receipts, messages, files, bank-account information and witnesses
Point 4
Distinguishing a purely civil or contractual dispute from conduct constituting an offence
Legal points and course of action
Chronology is crucial in a fraud case. Establish how a false representation or fraudulent means influenced the victim’s decision before the transfer, and who benefited from the resulting property or benefit.
Calling a financial dispute fraud does not determine the outcome. The prosecutor’s office assesses the statutory elements and actual evidence and may consider the matter civil or identify a different offence.
Related topics
Criminal breach of trust
The terms on which property or a document was entrusted, the obligation to return it or use it for a specified purpose, evidence, the distinction from debt and contractual disputes, and the complaint procedure.
sale or transfer of another person’s property under Iranian law
Elements of the offence, the transferor’s and transferee’s knowledge, ownership documents, the difference from an unauthorised transaction, and the route for a criminal complaint.
Theft
Theft complaints, proof of the taking of property, CCTV and witnesses, stolen property, types of ta’zir theft offences and key points for proceedings before the prosecutor’s office and court.
Threats
Complaints about threats made in person, by telephone or through messaging services; preserving messages and recordings; evidence; the distinction from insult; and criminal defence considerations.
Relevant legal sources
Act on Aggravation of Punishment for Bribery, Embezzlement and Fraud
Act Amending Article 104 of the Iranian Islamic Penal Code, enacted in 1403 SH
Iranian Code of Criminal Procedure, as subsequently amended.
This list identifies the principal legal provisions relevant to the page. The applicable law and amendments must be checked against the dates, subject matter and circumstances of each case.
The official texts and latest amendments are available in the National Database of Iranian Laws and Regulations.
Frequently asked questions
Methods of contact
For legal advice or follow-up on a case, contact us using one of the methods below.